Hi! I’m a climate scientist trying to visualize the signal from a lot of noise. My research interests coincide with disentangling patterns of climate change from climate variability using data-driven methods, especially in the Arctic. I also spend a lot of time thinking about improving science communication and accessibility through storytelling with engaging visualizations.
Animation of changes in average September sea ice extent from 1979 through 2023 – with substantial natural variability and a long-term decline. Data is freely available from the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) at https://nsidc.org/data/seaice_index/. Updated on 1/7/2024.Decadal trends (linear) in annual mean temperature and precipitation for the Arctic from 1979 to 2023. Data are from ERA5 reanalysis (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means?tab=overview) and GPCP (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.gpcp.html). Graphic was updated on 1/21/2024.Change in annual mean precipitation rate anomalies from 1979 through 2023 for the Arctic (≥67°N latitude). Anomalies in each year are calculated to a 1981-2010 climatological reference period. Data are from GPCP (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.gpcp.html), ERA5 (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels-monthly-means?tab=overview), and JRA-55 (https://jra.kishou.go.jp/JRA-55/index_en.html). Linear least squares trend lines are also displayed for each dataset. Graphic was updated on 1/18/2024.Annual means composited by decade for near-surface air temperatures (top) and Arctic sea-ice thickness (bottom) through 2023. Temperature anomalies are from ERA5 reanalysis using a baseline climatology of 1951-1980. Sea-ice thickness data is simulated from PIOMAS. Graphic was updated on 1/21/2024.Changes in annual mean surface air temperature anomalies (Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature; BEST), annual mean Arctic sea ice extent (NSIDC, Sea Ice Index v3), and annual mean sea surface temperature anomalies (NOAA Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature V2.1; OISSTv21) over the satellite era and within the Arctic (67N+ latitude). BEST is available from 1850 to 2023 at http://berkeleyearth.org/data/. OISSTv21 is available from 1982 to 2023 at https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.highres.html. Updated 1/19/2024.Decadal trends (linear) in annual mean sea surface temperatures for the Arctic from 1982 to 2023. Data are from OISSTv2.1 (https://psl.noaa.gov/data/gridded/data.noaa.oisst.v2.highres.html). See more in our annual Arctic Report Card at https://arctic.noaa.gov/report-card/report-card-2023/sea-surface-temperature-2023/.Changes in annual mean Arctic sea ice extent (NSIDC, Sea Ice Index v3) and air temperature anomalies (Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature; BEST) over the satellite era. BEST is available from 1850 to 2023 at http://berkeleyearth.org/data/. Updated 1/19/2024.Monthly temperature anomalies and rankings (1 = warmest, 45 = coldest) from ERA5 reanalysis of 2-m air temperatures in the Arctic (70°N+). Anomalies are computed relative to a climatological baseline of 1981-2010. Figure is updated through 2023 on 1/21/2024.Monthly temperature anomalies and rankings (1 = warmest, 84 = coldest) from ERA5 reanalysis of 2-m air temperatures in the Arctic (64N+) from January 1940 to December 2023. Anomalies for each month/year are computed relative to a climatological baseline of 1951-1980. Figure is updated through 2023 on 1/21/2024.Changes in annual mean Arctic sea ice extent (NSIDC, Sea Ice Index v3) and volume (PIOMAS v2.1, Zhang and Rothrock, 2003) over the satellite era from 1979 to 2023. Updated 1/11/2024.Changes in annual mean Arctic and Antarctic sea-ice extents (NSIDC, Sea Ice Index v3) over the satellite era from 1979 to 2023. The linear least squares trend line is also displayed for each pole (dashed white line). Graphic was updated on 1/5/2023.Change in land ice mass since 2002 (Right: Greenland, Left: Antarctica). Data is measured by NASA’s Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE/GRACE-FO) satellites with observations through October 2023. Additional information can be found at https://climate.nasa.gov/vital-signs/land-ice/. Graphic was updated on 1/15/2024.Changes in annual mean Arctic sea ice extent (NSIDC; https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8) over the satellite era (1979-2023) compared to a reconstruction of annual mean Arctic sea ice extent from Brennan et al. (2020; https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL086843; 1850-2018). Anomalies are computed relative to a 1979-2013 baseline. The blue shading denotes the 2.5-97.5th percentile range of the MPI-HadCRUT4 reconstructed ensemble members. Additional data can be found from Brennan et al. (2020) at https://zenodo.org/record/3717240. Updated 1/4/2024.Changes in annual mean Arctic sea ice extent (NSIDC; https://doi.org/10.7265/N5K072F8) and volume (PIOMAS v2.1; http://psc.apl.uw.edu/research/projects/arctic-sea-ice-volume-anomaly/data/) over the satellite era compared to reconstructions of Arctic sea ice extent (SIBT1850; https://doi.org/10.7265/jj4s-tq79) and volume (PIOMAS-20C v1; https://psc.apl.uw.edu/research/projects/piomas-20c/). Updated 1/11/2024.Current simulated (PIOMAS; Zhang and Rothrock, 2003) sea ice thickness averaged over each year from 1979 to 2023. Updated 1/4/2024.Reconstructed late-summer (August) Arctic sea ice extent during the last 1450 years. Sea ice extent data have been smoothed using a 40-year running mean (light blue). The shading shows the 95% confidence interval (dark blue). Smoothed observational data are compared using a dashed line (red). This figure is reproduced from Figure 3a in Kinnard et al. 2011 (Nature: https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10581).Annual mean temperature anomalies over the last 120 years in the Arctic. Data is from Berkeley Earth Surface Temperatures (BEST; http://berkeleyearth.org/data/) using a reference period of 1951-1980. Graphic updated through 2023 on 1/19/2024.Surface air temperature anomalies over the Arctic during the satellite-era in boreal fall (October to December). This period coincides with the largest Arctic amplification trends. Data is from Berkeley Earth Surface Temperatures (BEST; http://berkeleyearth.org/data/) using a reference period of 1951-1980. Graphic updated from 1979 through 2023 on 1/19/2024.A look at September Arctic sea ice concentration over the last 100 years (through 2017) using the latest NSIDC SIBT gridded 1850- reconstruction from Walsh et al. [2016]. The discontinuity between 1978-1979 is the transition to the passive microwave satellite era.Annual mean surface air temperature anomalies for the Arctic (67-90°N) and for the Antarctic (67°S-90°S) from 1979 to 2023. Linear trend lines (dashed) are also shown over the 1979 to 2023 period. GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMPv4) is available from 1880 to 2023 at https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/ and compared to a 1951-1980 climate baseline. Graphic was updated on 1/13/2024.Standardized annual-mean Arctic sea ice extents (NSIDC Sea Ice Index v3 : DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS F-18) calculated over the 1979 to 2023 satellite-era. Record high years for each ice basin are displayed with a bright blue bar, and record low years are displayed with a bright red bar. A map of the regions can be found at https://zacklabe.files.wordpress.com/2022/08/b203f-nsidc_mapseas.png. The years 2007, 2012, 2016, and 2020 are annotated with a dashed vertical grey line. 2023 is annotated with a dashed vertical white line. The graphic was produced on 1/23/2024.Daily Arctic sea ice extents (NSIDC, DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS) from 1979 through 2023. Missing data shown in black.Daily Arctic sea ice extent anomalies (NSIDC, DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS) from 1979 through 2023. Missing data shown in black. Anomalies are calculated from an averaged 1981-2010 baseline.Daily Arctic sea ice extent anomalies (NSIDC, DMSP SSM/I-SSMIS) from 1979 through 2023. Missing data shown in black. Z scores are calculated from an averaged 1979-2023 baseline.Monthly record high (blue – #45) and record low (red – #1) Arctic sea ice extents over the satellite era (1979-2023). Data is from the NSIDC Sea Ice Index v3.Daily Arctic sea ice thickness (PIOMASv2.1; Zhang and Rothrock, 2003) from 1 January 1979 through 31 December 2023.Daily Arctic sea ice thickness anomalies (PIOMASv2.1; Zhang and Rothrock, 2003) from 1 January 1979 through 31 December 2023. Anomalies are calculated from an averaged 1981-2010 baseline.Daily Arctic sea ice thickness anomalies (PIOMASv2.1; Zhang and Rothrock, 2003) from 1 January 1979 through 31 December 2023. Data are standardized using a 1979-2023 baseline.Trends in sea ice thickness/volume are another important indicator of Arctic climate change. While sea ice thickness observations are sparse, here we utilize the ocean and sea ice model, PIOMAS (Zhang and Rothrock, 2003) to visualize annual mean sea ice thickness from 1979 to 2023. Sea ice less than 1.5 meters is masked out (black) to emphasize the loss of thicker, older ice. Updated 1/4/2024.Latest PIOMAS (model; Zhang and Rothrock, 2003) sea ice volume (SIV) across the Arctic for each year from 1979 to 2023. Updated 1/11/2024.Animation of annual mean near-surface temperature anomalies in the Arctic for each year from 1950 to 2023. Data is from ERA5 (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/#!/home). Anomalies are calculated relative to a 1951 to 1980 climate baseline. Graphic was updated on 1/11/2024.Trends in sea ice thickness are another important indicator of Arctic climate change. While sea ice thickness observations are sparse, here we utilize the ocean and sea ice model, PIOMAS (Zhang and Rothrock, 2003), to visualize mean monthly sea ice thickness from 1979 to 2023. Updated 1/4/2024.Changes in the annual maximum and minimum of daily Arctic sea-ice volume simulated from PIOMAS (Zhang and Rothrock, 2003). Trends are calculated using a linear least squares fit for the white dashed lines between 1979 and 2023. Graphic updated 11/10/2023.
[14] Timmermans, M.-L. and Z.M. Labe (2023). [The Arctic] Sea surface temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2022”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-23-0079.1 [HTML][BibTeX][Code] [Press Release]
[13] Timmermans, M.-L. and Z.M. Labe (2022). Sea surface temperature [in “Arctic Report Card 2022”], NOAA, DOI:10.25923/p493-2548 [HTML][BibTeX][Code] [Press Release]
[12] Timmermans, M.-L. and Z.M. Labe (2022). [The Arctic] Sea surface temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2021”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-22-0082.1 [HTML][BibTeX][Code] [Press Release]
[11]Labe, Z.M. and E.A. Barnes (2022), Comparison of climate model large ensembles with observations in the Arctic using simple neural networks. Earth and Space Science, DOI:10.1029/2022EA002348 [HTML][BibTeX][Code] [Plain Language Summary]
[10] Timmermans, M.-L. and Z.M. Labe (2021). Sea surface temperature [in “Arctic Report Card 2021”], NOAA, DOI:10.25923/2y8r-0e49 [HTML][BibTeX][Code] [Press Release]
[9] Timmermans, M.-L. and Z.M. Labe (2021). [The Arctic] Sea surface temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2020”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-21-0086.1 [HTML][BibTeX][Code] [Press Release]
[7] Timmermans, M.-L. and Z.M. Labe (2020). Sea surface temperature [in “Arctic Report Card 2020”], NOAA, DOI:10.25923/v0fs-m920 [HTML][BibTeX][Code] [Press Release]
[6] Timmermans, M.-L., Z.M. Labe, and C. Ladd (2020). [The Arctic] Sea surface temperature [in “State of the Climate in 2019”], Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0086.1 [HTML][BibTeX][Code] [Press Release]
[4] Thoman, R.L., U. Bhatt, P. Bieniek, B. Brettschneider, M. Brubaker, S. Danielson, Z.M. Labe, R. Lader, W. Meier, G. Sheffield, and J. Walsh (2019): The record low Bering Sea ice extent in 2018: Context, impacts and an assessment of the role of anthropogenic climate change [in “Explaining Extreme Events of 2018 from a Climate Perspective”]. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc, DOI:10.1175/BAMS-D-19-0175.1 [HTML][BibTeX][Code] [Press Release]
[3]Labe, Z.M., Y. Peings, and G. Magnusdottir (2019). The effect of QBO phase on the atmospheric response to projected Arctic sea ice loss in early winter, Geophysical Research Letters, DOI:10.1029/2019GL083095 [HTML][BibTeX] [Plain Language Summary]
[2]Labe, Z.M., Y. Peings, and G. Magnusdottir (2018), Contributions of ice thickness to the atmospheric response from projected Arctic sea ice loss, Geophysical Research Letters, DOI:10.1029/2018GL078158 [HTML][BibTeX] [Plain Language Summary][Arctic Today]
[1]Labe, Z.M., G. Magnusdottir, and H.S. Stern (2018), Variability of Arctic sea ice thickness using PIOMAS and the CESM Large Ensemble, Journal of Climate, DOI:10.1175/JCLI-D-17-0436.1 [HTML][BibTeX] [Plain Language Summary]
For more visualizations, follow me on Twitter (or Mastodon). All of the Python code used to generate these figures are available from my GitHub account. Most scripts use data sets that are generated via ftp retrieval.
*These figures may be freely distributed (with credit). Information about the data can be found on my references page and methods page.
